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  1. Two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channels have been shown to modulate neuronal excitability. However, physiological function of TWIK-1, the first identified member of the mammalian K2P channel family, in neuronal cells i...

    Authors: Oleg Yarishkin, Da Yong Lee, Eunju Kim, Chang-Hoon Cho, Jae Hyouk Choi, C Justin Lee, Eun Mi Hwang and Jae-Yong Park
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:80
  2. The rodent barrel cortex has been established as an ideal model for studying the development and plasticity of a neuronal circuit. The barrel cortex consists of barrel and septa columns, which receive various ...

    Authors: Junhua Liu, Bin Liu, XiaoYun Zhang, Baocong Yu, Wuqiang Guan, Kun Wang, Yang Yang, Yifan Gong, Xiaojing Wu, Yuchio Yanagawa, Shengxi Wu and Chunjie Zhao
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:84
  3. The basal ganglia (BG) are a complex network of subcortical nuclei involved in the coordination and integration of the motor activity. Although these independent anatomical structures are functionally related,...

    Authors: Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen, María Victoria Zelaya, Teresa Tuñon and Enrique Santamaría
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:83
  4. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), which is activated by binding to p35 or p39, is involved in synaptic plasticity and affects learning and memory formation. In Cdk5 knockout (KO) mice and p35 KO mice, brain de...

    Authors: Tomohide Mishiba, Mika Tanaka, Naoki Mita, Xiaojuan He, Kodai Sasamoto, Shigeyoshi Itohara and Toshio Ohshima
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:82
  5. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading form of dementia worldwide. The Aβ-peptide is believed to be the major pathogenic compound of the disease. Since several years it is hypothesized that Aβ impacts the Wnt...

    Authors: Anne-Marie LüChtenborg and Vladimir L Katanaev
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:81
  6. Van Gogh-like (Vangl) 2 is a planar cell polarity (PCP) protein that regulates the induction of polarized cellular and tissue morphology during animal development. In the nervous system, the core PCP signaling...

    Authors: Akari Hagiwara, Misato Yasumura, Yamato Hida, Eiji Inoue and Toshihisa Ohtsuka
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:79
  7. Behavioral choices in habits and innate behaviors occur automatically in the absence of conscious selection. These behaviors are not easily modified by learning. Similar types of behaviors also occur in variou...

    Authors: Hannah Kim, Tae-Kyung Kim, Ji-Eun Kim, Jin-Young Park, Yunjin Lee, Minkyung Kang, Kyoung-Shim Kim and Pyung-Lim Han
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:77
  8. Previous studies have shown that a family of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) plays pivotal roles in the brain; in particular, we previously reported that knockout of the β isoform of PI3K (PI3Kβ) in mice im...

    Authors: Jun-Hyeok Choi, Pojeong Park, Gi-Chul Baek, Su-Eon Sim, SukJae Joshua Kang, Yeseul Lee, Seo-Hee Ahn, Chae-Seok Lim, Yong-Seok Lee, Graham L Collingridge and Bong-Kiun Kaang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:78
  9. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the key cellular mechanism for physiological learning and pathological chronic pain. Postsynaptic accumulation of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) GluA1 plays an important role for injury-...

    Authors: Tao Chen, Wen Wang, Yu-Lin Dong, Ming-Ming Zhang, Jian Wang, Kohei Koga, Yong-Hui Liao, Jin-Lian Li, Timotheus Budisantoso, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Makoto Itakura, Richard L Huganir, Yun-Qing Li and Min Zhuo
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:76
  10. Inhibition from GABAergic interneurons in brain circuits is a critical component of cognitive function. This inhibition is regulated through a diverse network of neuromodulation. A number of recent studies sug...

    Authors: Michael P Demars and Hirofumi Morishita
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:75
  11. The dysbindin-1 gene (DTNBP1: dystrobrevin binding protein 1) is a promising schizophrenia susceptibility gene, known to localize almost exclusively to neurons in the brain, and participates in the regulation of ...

    Authors: Norihito Shintani, Yusuke Onaka, Ryota Hashimoto, Hironori Takamura, Tsuyoshi Nagata, Satomi Umeda-Yano, Akihiro Mouri, Takayoshi Mamiya, Ryota Haba, Shinsuke Matsuzaki, Taiichi Katayama, Hidenaga Yamamori, Takanobu Nakazawa, Kazuki Nagayasu, Yukio Ago, Yuki Yagasaki…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:74
  12. Mutations of VPS35, a component of the retromer complex have been associated with late onset familial Parkinson's disease. The D620N mutation in VPS35 appears to be most prevalent, however, P316S was found in ...

    Authors: Hua-shan Wang, Joanne Toh, Patrick Ho, Murni Tio, Yi Zhao and Eng-King Tan
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:73
  13. Despite high prevalence of anxiety accompanying with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying pain-related anxiety are largely unknown. With its well-documented role in pain and emotion processing, the amygdala...

    Authors: Hong Jiang, Dong Fang, Ling-Yu Kong, Zi-Run Jin, Jie Cai, Xue-Jing Kang, You Wan and Guo-Gang Xing
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:72
  14. Mutations in the human FOXP2 gene cause speech and language impairments. The FOXP2 protein is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of many downstream genes, which may have important roles in nervo...

    Authors: Lijuan Fu, Zhimin Shi, Guanzheng Luo, Weihong Tu, XiuJie Wang, Zhide Fang and XiaoChing Li
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:71
  15. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 10A is selectively expressed in medium spiny neurons of the striatum. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key region that mediates drug reward and addiction-related behaviors. To investigate t...

    Authors: Ying Mu, Zhaoxiang Ren, Jia Jia, Bo Gao, Longtai Zheng, Guanghui Wang, Eitan Friedman and Xuechu Zhen
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:70
  16. Genetic methods for inducibly and reversibly inhibiting neuronal activity of specific neurons are critical for exploring the functions of neuronal circuits. The engineered human glycine receptor, called iverme...

    Authors: Ling Hu, Wei Lan, Hao Guo, Guo-Dong Chai, Kun Huang, Ling Zhang, Ying Huang, Xue-Feng Chen, Lei Zhang, Ning-Ning Song, Ling Chen, Bing Lang, Yun Wang, Qing-Xiu Wang, Jin-Bao Zhang, Collin McCaig…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:68
  17. Alcohol is detrimental to early development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) due to maternal alcohol abuse results in a series of developmental abnormalities including cranial facial dysmorphology, ocu...

    Authors: Yu Shi, Jiejing Li, Chunjiang Chen, Manzi Gong, Yuan Chen, Youxue Liu, Jie Chen, Tingyu Li and Weihong Song
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:67
  18. Culturing primary cortical neurons is an essential neuroscience technique. However, most cultures are derived from rodent brains and standard protocols for human brain cultures are sparse. Herein, we describe ...

    Authors: Balmiki Ray, Nipun Chopra, Justin M Long and Debomoy K Lahiri
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:63
  19. Profound synapse loss is one of the major pathological hallmarks associated with Alzheimer’s disease, which might underlie memory impairment. Our previous work demonstrates that magnesium ion is a critical fac...

    Authors: Wei Li, Jia Yu, Yong Liu, Xiaojie Huang, Nashat Abumaria, Ying Zhu, Xian Huang, Wenxiang Xiong, Chi Ren, Xian-Guo Liu, Dehua Chui and Guosong Liu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:65
  20. Appropriate parental care by fathers greatly facilitates health in human family life. Much less is known from animal studies regarding the factors and neural circuitry that affect paternal behavior compared wi...

    Authors: Jing Zhong, Mingkun Liang, Shirin Akther, Chiharu Higashida, Takahiro Tsuji and Haruhiro Higashida
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:66
  21. Microglia are the primary immune cells of the spinal cord that are activated in response to ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury and release various neurotrophic and/or neurotoxic factors to determine neuronal sur...

    Authors: Xiao-Qian Li, Xue-Zhao Cao, Jun Wang, Bo Fang, Wen-Fei Tan and Hong Ma
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:69
  22. Whereas aberrant brain connectivity is likely the core pathology of autism-spectrum disorder (ASD), studies do not agree as to whether hypo- or hyper-connectivity is the main underlying problem. Recent functio...

    Authors: Jae-Young Koh, Joon Seo Lim, Hyae-Ran Byun and Min-Heui Yoo
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:64
  23. Dominant mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) cause degeneration of motor neurons in a subset of inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The pathogenetic process mediated by misfolded and/or aggre...

    Authors: Seiji Watanabe, Natsumi Ageta-Ishihara, Shinji Nagatsu, Keizo Takao, Okiru Komine, Fumito Endo, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa, Hidemi Misawa, Ryosuke Takahashi, Makoto Kinoshita and Koji Yamanaka
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:62
  24. Current evidence suggests a central role for autophagy in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore...

    Authors: Arnaud Francois, Faraj Terro, Nathalie Quellard, Beatrice Fernandez, Damien Chassaing, Thierry Janet, Agnes Rioux Bilan, Marc Paccalin and Guylene Page
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:56
  25. Recent studies have indicated that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a pathogen-recognition receptor that triggers inflammatory signals in innate immune cells, is also expressed on sensory neurons, implicating its ...

    Authors: Hyunjung Min, Hyunkyoung Lee, Hyoungsub Lim, Yong Ho Jang, Sung Jun Chung, C Justin Lee and Sung Joong Lee
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:59
  26. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is motile within dendritic spines, but the mechanisms underlying its regulation are poorly understood. To address this issue, we have simultaneously imaged morphology and ER content ...

    Authors: Ai Na Ng, Andrew J Doherty, Paul J Lombroso, Nigel J Emptage and Graham L Collingridge
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:60
  27. Animal aggressiveness is controlled by genetic and environmental factors. Among environmental factors, social experience plays an important role in modulating aggression in vertebrates and invertebrates. In Droso...

    Authors: Mahmoudreza Ramin, Claudiu Domocos, David Slawaska-Eng and Yong Rao
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:55
  28. Dendrites of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) synapse with axon terminals of bipolar cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Changes in RGC dendrites and synapses between bipolar cells in the inner retinal laye...

    Authors: Hae-Young Lopilly Park, Jie Hyun Kim and Chan Kee Park
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:53
  29. Histamine (HA) regulates the sleep-wake cycle, synaptic plasticity and memory in adult mammals. Dopaminergic specification in the embryonic ventral midbrain (VM) coincides with increased HA brain levels. To st...

    Authors: Itzel Escobedo-Avila, Fernanda Vargas-Romero, Anayansi Molina-Hernández, Rodrigo López-González, Daniel Cortés, Juan A De Carlos and Iván Velasco
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:58
  30. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the major neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrial malfunction is implicated in PD pathogenesis. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)-induced puta...

    Authors: Xiaoling Duan, Jade Tong, Qin Xu, Yili Wu, Fang Cai, Tingyu Li and Weihong Song
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:57
  31. Alzheimer s disease (AD) is characterized by cerebral deposition of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). Aβ is produced by sequential cleavage of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. Many studies hav...

    Authors: Joshua HK Tam, Claudia Seah and Stephen H Pasternak
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:54
  32. TRPM4 channels are Ca2+-activated nonselective cation channels which are deeply involved in physiological and pathological conditions. However, their trafficking mechanism and binding partners are still elusive.

    Authors: Chang-Hoon Cho, Eunju Kim, Young-Sun Lee, Oleg Yarishkin, Jae Cheal Yoo, Jae-Yong Park, Seong-Geun Hong and Eun Mi Hwang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:52
  33. Serotonin receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in a variety of psychiatric disorders. G-proteins, heterotrimeric complexes that couple to multiple receptors, are activated when their rece...

    Authors: Matteo Giulietti, Viviana Vivenzio, Francesco Piva, Giovanni Principato, Cesario Bellantuono and Bernardo Nardi
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:49
  34. Despite the importance of 5-HT1A as a major target for the action of several anxiolytics/antidepressant drugs, little is known about its regulation in central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) neurons.

    Authors: Ji-Young Kim, Ana Kim, Zhong-Qiu Zhao, Xian-Yu Liu and Zhou-Feng Chen
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:48
  35. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by recurrent abdominal discomfort, spontaneous pain, colorectal hypersensitivity and bowel dysfunction. Patients with IBS also suffer from emotional anxiety and ...

    Authors: Ming-Ming Zhang, Shui-Bing Liu, Tao Chen, Kohei Koga, Ting Zhang, Yun-Qing Li and Min Zhuo
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:47
  36. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited human retinal disorder that causes progressive photoreceptor cell loss, leading to severe vision impairment or blindness. However, no effective therapy has been establ...

    Authors: Tetsu Yoshida, Yoko Ozawa, Keiichiro Suzuki, Kenya Yuki, Manabu Ohyama, Wado Akamatsu, Yumi Matsuzaki, Shigeto Shimmura, Kohnosuke Mitani, Kazuo Tsubota and Hideyuki Okano
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:45
  37. Voltage-dependent block of the NMDA receptor by Mg2+ is thought to be central to the unique involvement of this receptor in higher brain functions. However, the in vivo role of the Mg2+ block in the mammalian bra...

    Authors: Yuichiro Hayashi, Yoko Nabeshima, Katsunori Kobayashi, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa, Koichi Tanda, Keizo Takao, Hidenori Suzuki, Eisaku Esumi, Shigeru Noguchi, Yukiko Matsuda, Toshikuni Sasaoka, Tetsuo Noda, Jun-ichi Miyazaki, Masayoshi Mishina, Kazuo Funabiki and Yo-ichi Nabeshima
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:44
  38. Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a highly charged polyanion capable of interacting with a number of molecular targets. This signaling molecule is released into the extracellular matrix by central astrocytes ...

    Authors: Stephanie C Stotz, Lucas OM Scott, Christopher Drummond-Main, Yosef Avchalumov, Fernando Girotto, Jörn Davidsen, Maria R Gómez-Gárcia, Jong M Rho, Evgeny V Pavlov and Michael A Colicos
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:42
  39. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology occurs in part as the result of excessive production of β-amyloid (Aβ). Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is now considered a receptor for Aβ and consequently contri...

    Authors: Alison Hamilton, Jessica L Esseltine, Rebecca A DeVries, Sean P Cregan and Stephen S G Ferguson
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:40
  40. The gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) system is a critical mediator of fear extinction process. GABA can induce “phasic” or “tonic” inhibition in neurons through synaptic or extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, respectiv...

    Authors: Afshin Paydar, Boyoung Lee, Gireesh Gangadharan, Sukchan Lee, Eun Mi Hwang and Hee-Sup Shin
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:39
  41. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is characterized by development of cognitive, behavioral and motor abnormalities, and occurs in approximately 50% of HIV infected individuals. In the United States...

    Authors: Venkata Subba Rao Atluri, Sudheesh Pilakka-Kanthikeel, Thangavel Samikkannu, Vidya Sagar, Kesava Rao Venkata Kurapati, Shailendra K Saxena, Adriana Yndart, Andrea Raymond, Hong Ding, Oscar Hernandez and Madhavan PN Nair
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:37
  42. Low-voltage-activated (T-type) calcium channels play a crucial role in a number of physiological processes, including neuronal and cardiac pacemaker activity and nociception. Therefore, finding specific modula...

    Authors: Chris Bladen, Jawed Hamid, Ivana A Souza and Gerald W Zamponi
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2014 7:36

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