Fig. 2

Excitatory inputs onto a single pyramidal neuron from multiple locations are not homogenous. A A representative mapping of a neuronal network within the ACC. The yellow star represents the patched neuron while the red dots represent channels which elicit a response in the patched neuron when stimulated. Representative traces (right) of the responses recorded in the patched neuron when stimulations were given to different channels. B Identification of pyramidal type by injecting step currents (− 50, 0, and 50 pA). Monosynaptic connectivity was tested using 5 shocks at 5 Hz and 20 shocks at 20 Hz. Responses triggered without failure in the presence of picrotoxin (100 µM) indicates monosynaptic connectivity. C Sample traces from the recorded neuron show responses with different characteristics. D Three representative traces are depicted to illustrate the three different types of response kinetics that were observed: Type 1—Rapid onset followed by a slow inactivation phase illustrated in red, Type II—Slow onset followed by a slow inactivation phase illustrated in green, and Type III—Rapid onset followed by rapid inactivation illustrated in blue